Better together: Coexistence of for-profit and nonprofit firms with an application to the U.S. hospice industry

Many markets maintain a nontrivial mix of both nonprofit and for-profit firms, particularly in health care industries such as hospice, nursing homes, and home health. What are the effects of coexistence vs. dominance of one ownership type? We show how the presence of both ownership types can lead to greater diversity in consumer types served, even if both firms merely profit-maximize. This is the case where firms serve consumers for multiple consumption durations, but where donations are part of a nonprofit firm objective function and happen after services have been provided. This finding is strengthened if the good or service has value beyond immediate consumption or the direct consumer. We show these predictions empirically in the hospice industry, using data containing over 90 percent of freestanding U.S. hospices, 2000–2008. Nonprofit and for-profit providers split the patient market according to length of stay, leading to a wider range of patients being served than in the absence of this coexistence.     

Effects of exercise dose and type during breast cancer chemotherapy on longer-term patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness: A randomized controlled trial

The Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise (CARE) Trial compared different types and doses of exercise performed during breast cancer chemotherapy. Here, we report the longer-term follow-up of patient-reported outcomes, health-related fitness and exercise behavior at 6, 12 and 24 months postintervention. A multicenter trial in Canada randomized 301 breast cancer patients initiating chemotherapy to thrice weekly, supervised exercise consisting of a standard dose of 25–30 min of aerobic exercise (STAN; n = 96), a higher dose of 50–60 min of aerobic exercise (HIGH; n = 101) or a combined dose of 50–60 min of aerobic and resistance exercise (COMB; n = 104) performed for the duration of chemotherapy (median of 17 weeks). Primary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes including quality of life, cancer-related symptoms and psychosocial outcomes. Secondary outcomes were objective health-related fitness (assessed at 12 months only) and self-reported exercise behavior. A total of 269 (89.4%) participants completed patient-reported outcomes at all three follow-up time points and 263 (87.4%) completed the health-related fitness assessment at 12-month follow-up. COMB was significantly superior to (i) STAN for sleep quality at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.027); (ii) HIGH for upper body muscular endurance at 12-month follow-up (p = 0.020); and (iii) HIGH for meeting the resistance exercise guideline at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.006). Moreover, self-reported meeting of the combined exercise guideline during follow-up was significantly associated with better patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness. Performing combined exercise during and after breast cancer chemotherapy may result in better longer-term patient-reported outcomes and health-related fitness compared to performing aerobic exercise alone.     

基于Andersen行为模型的消化道肿瘤患者支持性照顾需求现状及影响因素分析

目的调查消化道肿瘤患者的支持性照顾需求现状并分析其影响因素。方法于2019年1—10月间,采用便利抽样的方法,抽取重庆市三峡中心医院内消化道肿瘤患者共370例,采用一般资料调查表、癌症病人支持性照顾需求简明问卷(SCNS-SF34)、医院焦虑和抑郁量表(HADS)、社会网络支持量表(LSNS)进行问卷调查。以Andersen行为模型为基础,将调查内容中关于消化道肿瘤患者支持性照顾需求的影响因素分别纳入倾向性因素、使能因素和需求性因素中,构建4个线性回归模型进行分析,并检验各模型的拟合优度,采用多元线性回归分析消化道肿瘤患者支持性照顾需求的影响因素。结果共发放问卷370份,回收有效问卷365份,有效回收率为98.6%。365例消化道肿瘤患者支持性照顾需求总均分为(3.42±0.54)分,其中生理与日常生活需求>健康信息需求>照顾与支持需求>心理需求>性需求。多元线性回归分析结果显示:倾向性因素中年龄、婚姻状况,使能因素中的家庭平均月收入、疾病负担能力、社会网络支持,需求性因素中的病程、疾病分期、疼痛情况、焦虑程度、抑郁程度是消化道肿瘤患者支持性照顾需求的主要影响因素(P<0.05)。结论消化道肿瘤患者有较高的支持性照顾需求,其需求受多种因素的影响,建议临床医护人员针对不同需求患者进行针对性满足,并对不同影响因素进行综合考量并加以分类分析。     

温阳通脉方联合抗抑郁药及认知行为干预对恐惧性姿势性眩晕患者的临床研究

目的:探讨温阳通脉方联合抗抑郁药及认知行为干预治疗恐惧性姿势性眩晕(PPV)的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年6月至2017年6月新乡医学院第一附属医院收治的PPV患者78例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组39例,对照组采用抗抑郁药及认知行为干预治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予温阳通脉汤加减治疗,连续治疗4周,随访6个月。治疗前后采用国际眩晕评分量表(DHI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定患者的临床症状及心理状态改善情况,检测并比较2组治疗前后凝血功能指标变化,统计2组临床疗效及随访期间复发情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床总有效率89. 74%,明显高于对照组的69. 23%(P 0. 05)。治疗后2组躯体症状评分、心理因子评分、社会功能评分、DHI总分、HAMD评分及HAMA评分均较治疗前明显下降(P 0. 01),且观察组各项评分均低于对照组(P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。治疗后对照组各项凝血功能指标无明显变化(P 0. 05),观察组PT、APTT明显延长,且长于对照组,FIB及D-D水平明显降低,且低于对照组(P 0. 01)。随访期间,观察组、对照组复发率分别为12. 82%、17. 95%,2组间复发率差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)结论:PPV患者在抗抑郁药及认知行为干预的基础上应用温阳通脉方治疗效果显著,不仅有效降低患者各种负面情绪,同时改善了血液高凝状态及眩晕症状,具有一定的临床推广价值。     

社区老年人骨质疏松症健康行为和自我效能的调查研究

目的 了解北京市社区老年人预防骨质疏松症健康行为和自我效能的情况，并分析影响自我效能的相关因素。方法 采用方便抽样法选取2016 年1～3 月北京市朝阳区两个社区的109 名60 岁以上老年人为调查对象，应用含预防骨质疏松症健康行为信息的一般情况调查表和骨质疏松症自我效能问卷对其进行调查。结果 （1）预防骨质疏松症相关性健康行为方面，49.54%的老年人补充钙剂，53.21%的老年人运动量合理，28.44%的老年人服用维生素；（2）社区老年人骨质疏松症总自我效能得分为（69.10±19.36）分，不同文化程度、职业的自我效能得分比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 社区老年人运动和摄钙行为不足，自我效能有待提高，应加强骨质疏松症的健康教育普及及行为方式干预，促使老年人养成良好的生活习惯，从而更好地预防骨质疏松；同时应重点关注文化程度较低的老年人，给予其更多的指导和帮助，并针对不同职业的老年人分别开展健康教育。     

PBL联合情境模拟教学法在术中低体温干预护理行为指导中的实践分析

目的 探究PBL联合情境模拟教学法运用于护理人员术中低体温干预护理行为指导中的实践效果。方法 于2016年3月至10月间,采用便利抽样法,按照纳入标准随机选取新疆乌鲁木齐市两所三级甲等医院手术室护理人员作为研究对象。观察组35名,采用PBL联合情境模拟教学干预方法；对照组32名,采用传统方法。结果 观察组与对照组护理人员对术中低体温干预护理的认知现状、安全文化态度与行为现状评分及术中低体温发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；观察组麻醉后与结束时鼻咽温与肛温平均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；对照组麻醉后与结束时鼻咽温与肛温差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且结束时鼻咽温与肛温低于麻醉后；观察组变化趋势较对照组者平稳。结论 PBL联合情境模拟教学法利于改善手术室护理人员对术中低体温的认知现状、安全文化态度与行为现状,能有效预防术中低体温的发生,充分保障手术患者安全。     

Recall of emotional and neutral words and paragraphs in traumatic brain injury

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in verbal recall deficits and impaired processing of emotion encoded in facial appearance, prosody and the linguistic content of messages. Emotion facilitates memory (emotional memory advantage) for non-brain injured (NBI) individuals but the impact of emotion on verbal recall for linguistically encoded stimuli in TBI has not been explored.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stimulus emotional content on verbal recall of words and paragraphs in TBI compared to NBI individuals.

Methods and procedures: Six 10-item lists, each with five emotional and five neutral words, and six paragraphs (three emotional, three neutral) were counterbalanced and presented in random order to 20 individuals with TBI and 44 NBI. The number of words from lists and the number of content units from paragraphs were compared for the two groups.

Outcomes and results: The NBI participants recalled more words from the lists and content units from the paragraphs than the individuals with TBI. Both groups recalled significantly more emotional than neutral words. NBI but not TBI participants had significantly greater recall for information in paragraphs with emotional content.

Conclusions: Participants with TBI showed impaired recall of words and paragraph content. Emotion facilitated word and paragraph content recall for neurotypical individuals but emotional memory advantage was limited to words for the TBI participants.     

基于计划行为理论的孕妇关于婴儿睡眠安全行为意向影响因素研究

目的 探究孕妇关于婴儿睡眠安全实践意向的影响因素。方法 本研究采用方便抽样选取青岛市某三甲医院四个院区来院孕检的孕妇，使用基于计划行为理论的自编问卷，调查其对于婴儿睡眠安全的行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制及行为意向，应用多元线性回归分析其行为意向的影响因素。结果 孕妇对于婴儿睡眠安全的行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制及行为意向得分分别为(22.26±5.27)、(16.65±4.17)、(13.35±4.23)、(20.77±5.62)分。是否为独生子女(t = - 3.555, P＜0.001)，年龄(F = 3.764, P = 0.011)、文化程度(F = 5.983, P＜0.001)、居住地(F = 5.865, P = 0.003)和家庭人均月收入(F = 8.485, P＜0.001)不同的孕妇关于婴儿睡眠安全的行为意向有统计学差异。多元线性回归分析结果示文化程度(β = 0.655, t = 3.659, P＜0.001)、是否为独生子女(β = 1.214, t = 3.131, P = 0.002)、行为态度(β = 0.373, t = 9.598, P＜0.001)、主观规范(β = 0.328, t = 6.426, P＜0.001)及知觉行为控制(β = 0.231, t = 5.371, P＜0.001)是行为意向的主要影响因素。结论 孕妇对于婴儿睡眠安全实践的认知及行为意向较积极，但其知觉行为控制力有待提高。孕期健康教育应增加婴儿睡眠安全内容，提高孕妇对其认知及自我效能感，展开公众教育以增强孕妇的社会支持，改善其与婴儿睡眠有关的养育行为。